Tugas Softskill Bahasa Inggris; Sendy Octaviani Putri 1EA20

CHAPTER 1

* ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

An adverbial clause is a clause that functions as an adverb. In other words, it contains subject (explicit or implied) and predicate, and it modifies a verb.

• I saw Joe when I went to the store. (explicit subject I)
• He sat quietly in order to appear polite. (implied subject he)

According to Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk, adverbial clauses function mainly as adjuncts or disjuncts. In those functions they are like adverbial phrases, but in their potentiality for greater explicitness, they are more often like prepositional phrases (Greenbaum and Quirk,1990):

• We left after the speeches ended. (Is it an adverbial clause, adverbial phrase or preposition phrase?)
• We left after the end of the speeches.(Is it an adverbial clause, adverbial phrase or preposition phrase?)

Contrast adverbial clauses with adverbial phrases, which do not contain a clause.

• I like to fly kites for fun.

Kinds of adverbial clauses

kind of clause	common conjunctions	function	example
time clauses	when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,til, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "when?"); hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc.	These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.	Her father died when she was young.
conditional clauses	if, unless	These clauses are used to talk about a possible situation and its consequences.	If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards.
purpose clauses	in order to, so that, in order that	These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.	They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard.
reason clauses	because, since, as, given	These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.	I couldn't feel anger against him because I liked him too much.
result clauses	so..that	These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.	My suitcase had become so damaged on the journey home that the lid would not stay closed.
concessive clauses	although, though, while	These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.	I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now
place clauses	where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "where?")	These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.	He said he was happy where he was.
clauses of manner	as, like, the way	These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.	I was never allowed to do things the way I wanted to do them.
clauses of exclamation	what a(an), how, such, so	Exclamations are used to express anger, fear, shock, surprise etc. They always take an exclamation mark (!).	What horrible news! How fast she types! You lucky man!

another examples:

Type	Question answered	Example
Place	Where?	Wherever there are computers, there is Microsoft software.
Time	When?	After the fruit is harvested, it is sold at the market.
Cause	Why? (What caused this?)	I didn't call her because I'm shy.
Purpose	Why? (What was the reason for doing this?)	She took a computer course so that she could get a better job.
Concession	Why is this unexpected?	Although Jay has a Master's degree, he works as a store clerk.
Condition	Under what conditions?	If you save your money, you will be able to go to college.

As you can see from the examples above, most adverb clauses can be recognized because they are introduced by a particular word or phrase (such as "when", "so that", etc.). These words and phrases are called subordinating conjunctions, and there are many of them, including these: after, before, until, while, because, since, as, so that, in order that, if, unless, whether, though, although, even though, where

CHAPTER 2

*COMMAND AND REQUEST

Definition and example

-A command is a sentence that orders someone to do something. It ends with a period(.) or an exclamation mark(!)

Commands: A command is a sentence that is used to tell someone to do something, or to give an order. Commands can end with a period, or with an exclamation mark. If a command ends with an exclamation mark, it means that the author is giving an order with strong emotion.

Here are two examples of commands:

1. Bring me the book. In this command, the author uses a period to show that she is giving an order calmly.

2. Bring me the book! In this command, the author is using an exclamation mark to show that he really wants the book, and that he doesn't want to wait for it. When you read a command that ends in an exclamation mark aloud, you should read it with very strong emotion.

3. Go to your school!
4. Call the police!

5. Open the door!

6. Close the window, right now!

7. Don't leave bags unattended!

-A request is a sentence that asks someone to do something. It ends with a period (.) or a question mark(?).

Requests: A request is a sentence that is used to ask someone to do something, or to give an order, nicely. Requests can end with a period, question mark, or an exclamation mark. Requests often contain the word please.

Here are some examples of requests:

1. Please help me clean up the classroom.

2. Will you help me make my webpage?

3. Please come to my party!

4. Could you cLose the door?
5. Please close the door.
Usually we are told in the language or command to do something called a command line / request (Command and Request).
“The words” messenger thats plus with “lah” and ends with an exclamation point (!) Is like “duduklah!” or “pergilah!”.
In English, the word “Lah” did not exist. So if we want to get someone to do something, only the verb are placed in front of the sentence itself is getting the meaning of “Lah” in the sentence.
example:
6. Come here! (It means let’s here!)
7. Try to speak in english! (That means try to speak English!)
8. Study diligently! (Means diligently learn!)
If the sentence is not a verb, then use “be” in front of the sentence because it is the verb to be. But this “be” has nothing mean / translation.
example:
9.   Be good to her! (Well-meaning very well to him!)
10. Be diligent! (Means to be diligent!)
11. Would you mind passing me the dictionary, please?

12. Would you mind turning down the volume?

13. Would you mind closing the window? it's noisy.

CHAPTER 3:

*DIRECT AND INDIRECT (REPORTED SPEECH)

When using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said. Using the verb say in this tense, indicates that something was said in the past. In these cases, the main verb in the reported sentence is put in the past. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past.

We may report the words of a speaker in two ways.

1. Direct Speech
We may quote the actual words of the speaker. This method is called Direct Speech.

2. Indirect Speech
We may report what he said without quoting his exact words. This method is called Indirect Speech or Reported Speech.

Example:
• Direct: Clinton said, “I am very busy now.”
• Indirect: Clinton said that he was very busy then.

• Direct : He said, “ my mother is writing letter.”
• Indirect: He said that his mother was writing letter.

How to change Direct to Indirect Speech?
It will be noticed that in Direct Speech, we use inverted commas to mark off the exact words of the speaker.In Indirect Speech we do not use the inverted commas.
It will be further noticed that in changing the above Direct Speech into Indirect speech, certain changes have been made.

Thus:
i. We have used the conjunction ‘that’ before the Indirect Statement.
ii. The pronoun “I” is changed to “HE”. (The Pronoun is changed in Person)
iii. The verb “am” is changed to “was”.
iv. The adverb “now” is changed to “then”.

Rules for changing Direct into Indirect Speech:

A. When the reporting or principal verb is in the Past Tense, all the Present Tenses in the Direct Speech are changed into Past Tense.

a. A simple present tense becomes simple past tense.
Example:
• Direct : He said, “I am unwell.”
• Indirect: He said that he was unwell.

b. A present continuous tense becomes a past continuous.
Example:
• Direct : He said, “ my mother is writing letter.”
• Indirect: He said that his mother was writing letter.

c. A present perfect becomes a past perfect:
Example:
• Direct: He said, “I have passed the examination.”
• Indirect: he said that he had passed the examination.

d. As a rule the simple past tense in the Direct Speech becomes the past perfect tense in Indirect Speech.
Example:
• Direct: He said, “His horse died in the night.”
• Indirect: he said that his horse had died in the night.

NOTE:
The shall of the future is changed into should.
The will of the future is changed into would.
The can and may of the future are changed into could and might respectively.

B. The tenses will not change if the statement is still relevant or if it is a universal truth. We can often choose whether to keep The original tenses or change them.

Examples:
• Direct: “I know her address”, said John.
• Indirect: John said that he knows/knew her address.

In this Indirect Speech, both the past tense and the present tense make the sentence a correct one.

• Direct: The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”
• Indirect: The teacher said that the earth goes/went round the sun.

• Direct: She said, “German is easy to learn.”
• Indirect: She said that German was/is easy to learn.

The past tense is often used when it is uncertain if the statement is true or when we are reporting objectively.

C. If the reporting verb is in present tense, the tenses of the Direct Speech do not change. For example, we may rewrite the above examples, putting the reporting verb in the present tense.

Examples:

• Direct : He says, “I am unwell.”
• Indirect: He says that he is unwell.

• Direct : He says, “ my mother is writing letter.”
• Indirect: He says that his mother is writing letter.

• Direct: He says, “I have passed the examination.”
• Indirect: he says that he has passed the examination.

• Direct: He says, “His horse died in the night.”
• Indirect: he says that his horse died in the night.

Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?

D. The pronouns of the Direct Speech are changed where necessary, so that their relations with the reporter and his hearer, Rather than with the original speaker are indicated.

Examples:

• Direct: He said to me, “I do not believe you.”
• Indirect: He said that he did not believe me.

• Direct: She said to him, “I do not believe you.”
• Indirect: She said to him that she did not believe him.

• Direct: I said to him, “I did not believe you.”
• Indirect: I said to him that I did not believe him.

• Direct: I said to you, “I do not believe you.”
• Indirect: I said to you that I do not believe you.

Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?

E. Words expressing nearness in time or places are generally changed into words expressing distance.

Examples:

• Direct: He said, “I am glad to be here this evening.”
• Indirect: he said that he was glad to be there that evening.

• Direct: He said, “I was here yesterday.”
• Indirect: He said that he was there the day before.

Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?

Now, let us see the words which get changed when the Direct Speech is changed into Indirect Speech.

• Now becomes then
• Here becomes there
• Ago becomes before
• Thus becomes so
• Today becomes that day
• Tomorrow becomes the next day
• Yesterday becomes the day before
• Last night becomes the night before
• This becomes that
• These becomes those

Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?

F. How the questions used in the Direct Speech are changed into Indirect Speech?

In reporting questions, the indirect Speech is introduced by such verbs as asked, inquired etc…

Examples:

• Direct: He said to me, “What are you doing?”
• Indirect: He asked me what I was doing.

• Direct: A stranger asked me, “Where do you live?”
• Indirect: A stranger enquired where I lived.

• Direct: The Policemen said to us, “Where are you going?”
• Indirect: The Policemen asked us where we were going.

• Direct: He said, “Will you listen to such a man?”
• Indirect: He asked them whether they would listen to such a man.
• Indirect: Would they, he asked, listen to such a man.

• Direct: His angry mother jeered, “Do you suppose you know better than your father?”
• Indirect: His angry mother jeered and asked whether he supposed that he knew better than his father.

Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?

G. How the Commands and the Requests in the Direct Speeches are changed when the Direct Speeches are changed into indirect Speeches?

In reporting commands and requests, the indirect speech is introduced by some verb expressing commands and requests, and the Imperative Mood is changed into Infinitive Mood.

Examples:

• Direct: Raja said to John, “Go away.”
• Indirect: Raja ordered John to go away.

• Direct: He said to Mary, “Please wait here till I return.”
• Indirect: he requested Mary to wait there till he returned.

Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?

• Direct: “Call the first witness”, said the Judge.
• Indirect: The Judge commanded them to call the first witness.

• Direct: He shouted, “Let me go.”
• Indirect: he shouted to them to let him go.

• Direct: He said, “Be quite and listen to my words”.
• Indirect: He urged them to be quite and listen to his words.

Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?

H. How the Exclamation and the Wishes in the Direct Speeches are changed when the Direct Speeches are changed into Indirect Speeches?

In reporting exclamation and wishes, the Indirect Speech is introduced by some verb expressing Exclamation and Wishes.

Examples:

• Direct: He said, “Alas! I am undone”.
• Indirect: He exclaimed sadly that he was undone.

• Direct: Alice said, “How clever I am?”
• Indirect: Alice exclaimed that he was very clever.

• Direct: He said, “Bravo! You have done well.”
• Indirect: he applauded him, saying that he had done well.

• Direct: “So help me, Heaven!” he cried, “I will never steal again”.
• Indirect: He called upon Heaven to witness his resolve never to resolve.

Reference:
1. Rogers, Toni. 2007. Informational English. Jakarta: Widya Utama
2. Sudarwati, Th. M.; Grace, Eudia. 2007. Look Ahead Book  2. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga
3. Soeprapto, F.A.; Darwis, Mariana. 2006. Linked to the World 1. Jakarta: Yudhistira
4. Azar, Betty Schrampfer. 1989. Understanding and Using English Grammar (2nd edition). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
5. Azar, Betty Schrampfer. 1993. Fundamentals of English Grammar (2nd edition). Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara